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Aflatoxin contamination in peanut kernel is a crucial matter you must know
Aflatoxin can cause severe reactions and even can bring death to a living creature
The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L
) is a significant crop in Malawi and Zambia
Peanut kernel
In cereal-based cropping systems, the crop is valued for its ability to build soil, improve the livelihoods of agricultural households who eat and sell it, and generate foreign exchange when exported
Research and development efforts have led to increases in the output and production area for peanuts
However, producing peanuts with acceptable levels of aflatoxin contamination is still a major challenge in many countries
According to the statistics, aflatoxin is an issue in both legal and illegal trade
As a result, unlike thirty years ago, the majority of the peanut trade has moved to local and regional markets that do not forbid the selling of peanuts tainted with aflatoxin
Aflatoxin contamination’s negative health impacts and total management costs have not been sufficiently documented
There are several technologies available to reduce aflatoxin contamination
The advantages, restrictions, and flaws of these technologies are evaluated
Although there is no evidence of long-term success, Malawi and Zambia continue to invest a lot of effort and money toward reducing aflatoxin contamination
The likelihood of eliminating aflatoxin at the home and commercial levels shortly is dim based on prior and current efforts
A key crop in Malawi and Zambia, where smallholder farmers produce more than 90% of the entire amount, is peanut (Arachis hypogaea L
), sometimes known as peanut (Derlagen and Phiri 2012; Mofya-Mukuka and Shipekeza 2013)
The crop’s importance is based on its capacity to enhance the livelihoods of agricultural households who consume it as part of their diet and sell it for cash, as well as to provide foreign exchange when exported, in cereal-based cropping systems
With a combined 4
2% of Africa’s total peanut-producing land, Malawi (373,925 ha) and Zambia (237,423 ha) are ranked fourteenth and seventeenth, respectively, on the continent (FAOSTAT 2017)
Initiatives in research and development have improved the area used for peanut cultivation as well as their productivity
Between 1994 and 2014, the productivity of the crop (kg/ha shelled) grew in Malawi from 240 to 595, and in Zambia from 306 to 454 (FAOSTAT 2017)
Production is still thought to be subpar despite the increase
With rain-fed production of more than 2,000 kg/ha, yields are not reaching their potential due to poor agronomic practices (such as delayed planting at the start of the rainy season low plant densities per ha, inadequate weed control, intercropping, and delayed harvesting)
little or no disease and insect pest management, drought stress, and cultivation of low yielding local varieties (Mpiri 1994; Ngulube et al
2001; Siambi et al
Technologies for boosting productivity are available
It is still very difficult to grow peanuts in these nations with acceptable levels of aflatoxin contamination for both the more controlled formal markets
perhaps more crucially, for the unregulated black markets and domestic consumption from subsistence farming (Matumba et al
2016; Monyo et al
2012; Njoroge et al
2013, 2016b, 2017; Seetha et al
2017)
peanut crispy kernel
A key barrier to the safe use of peanuts, a crop sought for its oil, protein, amino acids, and micronutrients, is the presence of aflatoxin contamination, which was discovered more than 50 years ago
Aflatoxins prevent nutrients from being absorbed in the gastrointestinal system (Wild, 2007), and young infants who are exposed to aflatoxin exposure often may experience stunted development (Gong et al
2002, 2003; Magoha et al
2014)
Excellent overviews of the effects of aflatoxin on human health are provided by Williams et al
(2004) and Wild (2007)
I’ll talk about the prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts at the outset of this essay
This information will show that aflatoxin is still a problem in both legal and illegal trade
The bulk of the peanut trade has moved to local and regional markets that do not prohibit the sale of aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts, as opposed to thirty years ago, I also explore the continued consequences of aflatoxin contamination on the peanut trade
Aflatoxin regulations are also starting to be implemented by regional markets, which will have a substantial impact on the peanut industry
Although we can show how aflatoxin affects official export trade, we are unsure of the exact cost of contamination
Hidden costs would include those associated with handling aflatoxin contamination, including those associated with prevention, cleanup, or reprocessing, costs associated with rejected produce, costs associated with diminished value, and eventually costs associated with the health effects of exposure
The impacts on health are not well understood, and both in Malawi and Zambia, this area of study is still in its early stages
On the other hand, studies on the consequences of aflatoxin exposure on the health of regional countries that trade peanuts with Malawi and Zambia have been published
As we gain more knowledge about aflatoxin’s harmful health impacts, these importing countries may eventually implement stronger limits on aflatoxin-contaminated foods
Aflatoxin was found in breast milk and foods consumed by young children, according to other studies (Magoha et al
2014; Shirima et al
2013) on aflatoxin exposure in Tanzanian neonates and children
According to evidence of health effects in Tanzania, a recent aflatoxicosis outbreak in the Dodoma and Manyara areas resulted in the deaths of 19 people (PACA 2016)
In Kenya, several studies on the prevalence of aflatoxin exposure have been conducted (Azziz-Baumgartner et al
2005; Obura 2013)
125 people died in Kenya’s most severe aflatoxicosis pandemic in 2004 after consuming contaminated maize (Azziz-Baumgartner et al
2005; Lewis et al
2005)
In this paper, methods for reducing aflatoxin contamination are examined
Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed, as well as challenges to their use and knowledge gaps
New strategies are gaining traction, such as biological management using nontoxic strains of Aspergillus flavus (Bandyopadhyay and Cotty 2013; Bandyopadhyay et al
2016; Fravel 2005)
African farmers are provided with the biocontrol method as a fundamental technology that should be reinforced by other aflatoxin mitigation efforts (Bandyopadhyay et al
2016)
This method’s efficacy and potential risks are also mentioned
peanut kernel meaning
Even though there isn’t enough proof of long-term success, Malawi, Zambia, and other African countries continue to invest substantial time and resources in reducing aflatoxin contamination
Is this due to a lack of suitable incentives for farmers and processors to use aflatoxin mitigation strategies? Who should provide funding for aflatoxin control is the final question in this section
The majority of the cost of aflatoxin control in wealthy countries like the United States is borne by those who buy raw nuts from farmers and shell them (Wu 2014)
Are smallholder farmers in Malawi and Zambia able to afford the expenses of aflatoxin control? The odds of eliminating aflatoxin at the domestic level and in international trade shortly are slim based on previous and ongoing efforts
It is vital to place a monetary value on peanuts of lower quality that may be used for safe alternative uses to provide an incentive to remove contaminated peanuts from the human food chain
In a supportive environment made possible by updated and implemented government rules, the private sector must offer incentives to farmers for higher-quality harvests and create financially viable alternative end-use options for peanuts of lower quality
The majority of peanut growers, smallholder farmers, and players in the under- and over-regulated peanut trade must be allowed to embrace alternatives
Aflatoxin Contamination Signs and Symptoms A produces poisons that resemble aflatoxins
A and flavus are related
parasiticus, which are frequent contaminants of oilseed crops like peanut, corn, cottonseed, and sunflower as well as other crops like sorghum, rice, and paprika (Amaike and Keller 2011; Craufurd et al
2006; Diener et al
2012; Njoroge et al
2016b; Okoth et al
2012)
(Amaike and Keller 2011; Diener et al
1987; Hendrickse 1997; Horn et al
1995; Matumba et al
2015a; Mutegi et al
2009; Njoroge et al
2013, 2016b, 2017; Okoth et al
2012; Seetha et al
2017; Siambi et al
2007)
The early 1960s saw the discovery of aflatoxins when more than 100,000 turkey poults died after consuming contaminated peanut meal, which was later found to contain aflatoxins
Aflatoxins are a restricted food hazard since it has been determined that they are hazardous to human health (Azziz-Baumgartner et al
2008; Hendrickse 1997; Lewis et al
2015; Williams et al
2004; Wu 2014)
Regulations for allowable levels of aflatoxin have been developed in more than 100 countries (Wu 2014)
Data on the prevalence of aflatoxin contamination are essential for practical research into their impacts on health and effective mitigation (Wild et al
2015)
In Malawi and Zambia, as well as the regional market destinations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa, there are ongoing reports of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts and related products along the value chain (Table 1)
Despite continued efforts to manage it via research and development, aflatoxin contamination along the peanut value chain is still a major threat, according to published sources
The focus of the first publications on the prevalence of aflatoxin contamination was on quantifying export trade losses (Babu et al
1994)
Then came reports on actions taken to prevent aflatoxin contamination along the whole value chain
Aflatoxin contamination control procedures that helped Malawian farmers regain market access in the European Union were described by Siambi et al
in a 2007 publication
Reports on domestic consumption of contaminated products (Bumbangi et al
2016; Kachapulula et al
2017; Monyo et al
2012; Njoroge et al
) and the general public’s ignorance of aflatoxin contamination did not start to become more prevalent until much later (Matumba et al
2017; Njoroge et al
2016b, 2017)
The outbreak of aflatoxicosis in Kenya in 2004, which resulted in the deaths of more than 125 individuals after eating contaminated maize, may have spurred the decision to deliberately concentrate on local aflatoxin contamination levels along the value chain (Lewis et al
2005)
Numerous studies on the current levels of aflatoxin contamination have been published since then
Additionally, recent studies have looked at the frequency of aflatoxin contamination in various agro-ecologies, markets, sample kinds, and seasonal variations (Bumbangi et al
2016; Kachapulula et al
2017; Monyo et al
2012; Njoroge et al
2016b, 2017; Seetha et al
2017)
Less research has been published on the frequency of human exposure to aflatoxins in Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania (Azziz-Baumgartner et al
2005; Magoha et al
2014; Obura 2013; Seetha et al
2018; Shirima et al
2013)
There are no statistics on the prevalence of animal exposure to aflatoxins